Author：韩骁 | 2020.06.03
社会在进步,科技在逐渐改变我们的生活。短短几十年里,网络成为新时代发展的重要部分,历经几次浪潮、几次变革,创造了许多奇迹,对民生的意义重大。互联网在给我们提供了很多便利的同时,也逐渐显现出弊端的一面,给法律规制也提出了新要求。
《中华人民共和国民法典》(下称民法典)中的一大亮点,就是回应了时代需求,解决了人民诉求。
为了防止通过互联网进行的违法行为损害国家、公民的合法利益,我国陆续出台了部分行政法规规制网络环境,在刑法中也有对互联网犯罪行为的处罚规定,在民法典的总则编、侵权责任编更是对网络侵权行为予以规制。
现行侵权责任法引入了“避风港原则”以及“红旗原则”等规制网络产业发展的重要原则。民法典的侵权责任编则在此基础上,对网络侵权责任认定规则作出了更为全面的设计,补充了反通知规则。民法典第一千一百九十六条规定:“网络用户接到转送的通知后,可以向网络服务提供者提交不存在侵权行为的声明。声明应当包括不存在侵权行为的初步证据及网络用户的真实身份信息。网络服务提供者接到声明后,应当将该声明转送发出通知的权利人,并告知其可以向有关部门投诉或者向人民法院提起诉讼。网络服务提供者在转送声明到达权利人后的合理期限内,未收到权利人已经投诉或者提起诉讼通知的,应当及时终止所采取的措施。”
上述法律规定是本次民法典侵权责任编的亮点之一,该规定阐释了“避风港原则”的通知规则与反通知规则之间的逻辑关系,使当事人双方权利受到了同等保护。民法典将使网络用户之间的法律权利更加平等,有利于进一步改善网络环境。
民法典总则编中,把公民在网络上的权利纳入授权性法律规范,其中第一百二十七条规定:“法律对数据、网络虚拟财产的保护有规定的,依照其规定。”
这意味着民法典将数据、网络虚拟财产均纳入了法律保护范畴,继民法总则后,再次对数据、虚拟财产进行了肯定,表明这些都是可以受到保护的权利,是可以进行交易的权利。这一规定具有与时俱进的特点。
网络虚拟财产由于其特殊性质,导致其保护起来更加困难。就网络游戏而言,一旦发生网络虚拟财产盗窃问题,游戏账号经过多次流转并且涉及第三人利益,受害者往往很难追回其损失的财物。那么,网络虚拟财产是否适用于善意取得制度?若因游戏账号内物品被清零或游戏账号被冻结而发生纠纷,举证责任在运营商还是账户拥有者?网络游戏下架后,权利人主张损失的,由于网络虚拟物品为消耗性物品,其损失如何认定?民法典对虚拟财产的规定,再次延续了“接纳但不明确”的态度,也可谓是保留民法典开放性的明智之举。同时,我们也期待着此后司法解释的陆续出台,进一步完善网络数据、虚拟财产相关规定,对其性质进一步认定,结合司法实践对其在交易过程中的责任问题进行分配,对争议解决机制、举证责任问题进行进一步解释,使公民可以更充分的保护自己的合法权益。
可以说,民法典既保持了其完整性、体系化,又保留了开放性以应对瞬息万变的社会,适应了现代社会发展的需要。面对如何解决网络发展的快速性与法律规范的滞后性这一立法领域富有挑战性的难题,民法典科学地界定了其调整范围,在保证体系完备性的同时,也考虑到了应与社会结构相匹配之性质,保留了一定的开放性。民法典的出台,无疑对维护人民权益、化解矛盾纠纷、促进社会和谐稳定能力和水平起到重要作用。
民法典遵循民主立法、科学立法、依法立法的立法原则,满足了时代需求,解决了时代问题,体现了时代精神,彰显了随时代发展的鲜明特征。
（来源：法制网）
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