Author:王华鹏 | 2020.03.09
研究一部法律是一件很有意思的事情,比如说证券法。由于中国股民人数众多,市场基本上为小散们的情绪所左右,所以证券法的修订中,如何让小散们高兴、痛快,就上什么。注册制这事儿,小散们说不上话,毕竟科创板注册制的成功已经体现了最高层的决心。但是加强监管问题上,小散们够乐一阵子了,新证券法一定得把那些发行人、实际控制人、董监高、保荐机构和其他机构,一锅烩,使劲罚,罚个倾家荡产,不然怎么能解被当韭菜反复薅羊毛的心头之痛呢?
新证券法的立法者当然开心啦,多罚些钱,政治正确,还能充实国库,何乐而不为呢。所以,我们看到新证券法的罚款下限和上限都蹭蹭往上涨,有违法所得的,没一罚五,太低,没一罚十!没有违法所得的,以前罚个几十上百万,现在动不动都是几百上千万了!
从现在看到的舆论来看,所有的评价基本上都是正面的,都认为这样的修改,强化了对违法违规行为的震慑力,是作为亮点来大书特书的。
但是,我们冷静想一想,行政处罚程序走完,罚单开完,罚没收入到哪里去了?到国库去了。投资者们,要得到补偿,还需要继续努力,去人民法院起诉哦。新证券法非常nice的保留了原证券法第232条的规定,增加了四个字“违法所得”,变成了第220条“违反本法规定,应当承担民事赔偿责任和缴纳罚款、罚金、违法所得,违法行为人的财产不足以支付的,优先用于承担民事赔偿责任。”所谓民事责任优先原则。可是,这个原则看似有用,实际却无法执行。
首先,行政处罚一般早于民事诉讼程序,没有行政处罚确认的事实,民事诉讼都很难启动或有实质性进展。
其次,证监会掌握执法权,不仅可以开出罚单,而且根据证券法,可以查询当事人的账户、查封冻结当事人的财产。我们虽然没有看到到底证监会有多少罚没收入最终入库,但是,可以想见,证监会获得罚没收入,比投资者通过法院来得快,也来得稳准狠。等投资者获得判决进入执行的时候,很有可能对方的财产已经被罚没殆尽了,毕竟没一罚十,能把罚款足额缴足就不错了,还能剩点零星财产,恐怕也不多。
最后,罚没收入一经罚没,就进入国库,成为国家的收入。就算投资者拿到胜诉判决,投资者看到证监会罚没的收入,有可能去国库里要求取出去,先行赔付民事赔偿金吗?这种虎口拔牙的高难度动作,不是给我们还要仰仗国库收入生存的法官们出难题吗?估计,很难。
从公开的数据看,证监会2017年罚没收入74.79亿元,2018年罚没收入106.31亿元。2019年的处罚数据有了,但是罚没收入没有统计,预计2020年,新证券法实施后,证监会的罚没收入也将获得很好的成长率。
没有统计过投资者通过民事赔偿程序最终获得了多少赔偿。没有也没事,因为按照民事责任优先原则,罚没的那些钱,如果对方实在无法执行的话,投资者似乎也应当是可以惦记惦记的。
这么说有点挖证监会的墙角呢。但是,这也没啥,证监会本来就是为投资者特别是中小投资者服务对吗?我们一切的工作,不都是为了让投资者满意吗?
例如,北京大学法学院教授郭雳就主张引进公平基金制度。什么是公平基金制度呢?简单说就是把证监会罚没的钱拿出来,搞一个基金,基金的受益人是因为证券违法行为受到损失的投资者。
这个制度好不好?好!国家缺那么一年一百亿吗?不缺!拿出来,补偿那些被薅了羊毛的韭菜们,投资们会对国家感激涕零!
这个制度难不难落实?不难!新证券法规定了民事责任优先原则,这个罚没的钱可以暂时拿出来,交给证监会信得过的信托公司,证监会是委托人,信托公司是受托人,受损的投资者是受益人,具体文件怎么搞,有律师,不复杂哦。等到投资者分配完毕,剩余部分上缴国库,也就真正落实了民事责任优先原则了。
其实这个事情,时任证监会主席助理黄炜在2017年国际证券投资者保护研讨会上还曾提到,新闻稿中说“我们(证监会)也将深入研究境外市场在个案处理上的其他经验做法,包括责令回购股权、通过公平基金赔偿投资者等,探索我国市场建立相关制度的可行性。”不过,很遗憾,这个制度最终没有出现在新证券法中。
但是,正如我们讨论证券法时提到的一样,新证券法仍需要在实践中不断的得到完善和补充(也就是打补丁),多打一个补丁,把公平基金制度确立起来,又如何?
本篇写到这里,总算是把调子定稳了,这是一篇建议,有建设性的建议。希望公平基金这个制度尽快建立起来,让投资者也能从罚没收入里分一杯羹,善莫大焉!
注:本文仅代表作者个人观点
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