Author:芮刚 陈吟 | 2020.03.05
供应链金融旨在解决供求关系中一方或多方的资金难题,保理业务也不例外,促成买卖的达成是保理商开展保理业务的目服务的之一。但在实践中经常出现当事人在获取资金后并没有真实交易发生的情形,买卖关系不存在或者基础合同无效已成为当事人拒绝还款的常见理由。我们在往期讨论过,没有真实的交易或者虚假的基础合同并不必然导致保理合同无效,这其中重要的一环就是保理商是否为善意。本期将通过两个案例探讨保理商应当对于交易背景的真实性负有何种程度的审慎审查义务。
案例1
中国工商银行股份有限公司镇江新区支行与苏州中铁架业有限公司、江苏明亮路桥设备有限公司等金融借款合同纠纷
(2017)最高法民申1222号
(2016)苏民终831号
(2014)镇商初字第00080号
争议聚焦
江苏明亮路桥设备有限公司(简称“明亮公司”)与苏州中铁架业有限公司(简称“中铁公司”)签订买卖合同,约定由明亮公司向中铁公司供货。明亮公司与中国工商银行股份有限公司镇江新区支行(简称“工行”)签订保理协议。中铁公司确认该应收账款,无任何纠纷或争议,并同意将上述应收账款权利转让给工行。同时承诺所有涉及该部分应收账款的付款均及时付至明亮公司在工行的保理账号。然而中铁公司一直未向工行支付该款项,并在诉讼中指出其一直没有与明亮公司进行过实际的交易,故此应收账款并不存在,中铁公司也不应当向工行支付该款项。
审判观点
一审法院认为,工行在办理保理业务时,审核了购销合同和增值税发票,并将应收账款的发票编号、发票实有金额、还款日期、催收方式等信息记载于《应收账款转让明细表》,上述应收账款情况与中铁公司盖章确认的《应收账款询证函》内容相互吻合,应当认定工商银行就涉案应收账款已尽到了审慎的审查义务。并且,一审法院还查明了如下事实:上述发票已全部作废,中铁公司也陈述购销合同并未实际履行,在此情况下,其仍然在《应收账款询证函》进行盖章确认。故此,法院认为,中铁的行为导致工行无法基于并不存在的应收账款债权获得清偿,构成了对工行债权的侵害,中铁公司应当就借款人和担保人不能清偿之部分向工行承担赔偿责任。在二审中,法院重申,工行在签订保理合同和接受《应收账款询证函》时审核了购销合同、增值税发票,保理合同附件中的应收账款转让清单与中铁公司盖章确认的《应收账款询证函》内容相互印证,故工行已尽到审慎的审查义务,有理由相信明亮公司、中铁公司之间存在真实的债权债务关系。再审法院对两审法院的观点进行了确认。
案例2
重庆巨能建设(集团)有限公司与重庆市金科商业保理有限公司合同纠纷
(2019)最高法民申2686号
(2018)渝民终413号
(2018)渝01民初98号
争议聚焦
重庆市金科商业保理有限公司(简称“金科保理”)与重庆彤阳建设工程有限公司(简称“彤阳建司”)签订了保理协议,约定彤阳建司将其债权让与金科保理。重庆巨能建设(集团)有限公司(简称“巨能建司”)为债务人之一。本案涉及巨能建司的争议点与本文案例1相似,巨能建司确认债务存在后,又以事实上的交易没有发生、债务不存在作为抗辩理由。
审判观点
法院在二审中强调,保理融资业务是一种以应收账款债权转让为核心的综合性金融服务业务,保理商在受理保理业务时,有义务对应收账款的情况向债务人进行核实和要求确认,而债务人对其与应收账款转让人之间基础交易合同的真实性以及债权债务数额应是明知的,其应根据真实情况进行确认,并告知所涉应收账款所附条件等情况,否则不能在确认之后以没有真实交易关系、债权债务数额错误等理由要求免责。本案中,金科保理公司与彤阳建司签订《保理融资合同》后,向巨能建司发出《应收账款债权转让通知书》,巨能建司收到后予以确认。巨能公司也没有证据证明金科保理公司事前就知晓具体的债权债务数额。现无论巨能建司与彤阳建司之间的具体债权债务数额是多少,巨能建司都应在其确认的数额范围内承担责任。
律师说法
往期的文章我们讨论过,债务人或者其他还款责任人常以真实交易未发生、债权债务关系不存在为由拒绝还款。保理商是否为善意则是其能否基于保理合同主张自身权益重要条件之一。通过对案例的展示可知,保理商负有对保理协议项下合同及相关信息的审查义务。这种审查义务更多体现为形式审查而非实质审查,只要其表现方式足以让保理商相信债权债务真实存在,就可认定为保理商尽到了审慎的义务。至于何为“足以让保理商相信”,还需要结合商业习惯、生活经验等进行判断。在本文的案例中,保理商既审核了相关合同、票据,同时也向债务人确认了债务的存在,这被法院认定为尽到了审慎义务。此外,案例2还提醒债务人,对于保理合同所涉债务其应当明知,且债务人对债务的确认被认为足以使得保理商相信债权债务存在,债务人在确认债务存在后,不能以没有真实交易关系、债权债务数额错误等理由要求免责。
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