Author：方晓亮 | 2020.01.17
本文作者：方晓亮
2020年1月15日，中美两国正式签署第一阶段经经贸协议(以下简称协议)，协议文本包括序言、知识产权、技术转让、食品和农产品、金融服务、汇率和透明度、扩大贸易、双边评估和争端解决、最终条款等第九个章节。作为协议实质内容前二章，知识产权和技术转让(与知识产权密切相关)显然占据了协议重要的位置。现从知产律师实务的角度，对中国履行协议承诺后相关的法律法规的变化简要评述如下：
一商业机密、商标、地理标志
简单地说，中国在商业机密的保护、商标恶意抢注、地理标志的保护在《民法总则》、《刑法》、《反不正当竞争法》、《商标法》已经有较为完备的注册途径和侵权救济方式。中美双边协议中就商业机密的范围、临时禁令、商标恶意抢注、侵权诉讼中的举证责任倒置、刑事立案标准做了具体的约定，但本质上并无新意，在司法实践中亦有相应案例。协议内容可理解为中国送给美国的顺水人情，在此不做赘述。
二专利
中美协议中关于专利审查、专利保护期限的承诺将给专利的相关法律法规带来两个重要的变化：
1、 协议C节“与药品相关的知识产权产权”第1.10条“补充数据的审议”(原文如此，应为“审查”)约定如下：“应允许药品专利申请人在专利审查程序、专利复审程序和司法程序中依靠补充数据满足有关可专利性的相关要求，包括公开和创造性的充分性”。依据中国现行《专利审查指南》(第二部分第十章第3节3.5)，“判断说明书是公开，以原说明书和权利要求记载的内容为准。对于申请日之后补交的实验数据，审查员应当予以审查。补交实验数据所证明的技术效果应当是所述技术领域技术人员能够从专利申请公开的内容所得到的”。简而言之，申请日之后补交的实验数据应为本领域技术人员可从专利说明书直接推导，而无法改变审查员对于专利公开不充分和不具有创造性的结论，相关实验数据至多能锦上添花，而不可雪中送炭。可以预见，如果中国履行协议承诺，专利审查指南将做出颠覆式修改，同时相关修改最终仅惠及药品专利，还是普惠所有专利值得知产律师关注。
2、 协议D节“有效专利期限的延长”约定如下：“双方应提供专利期限的延长，以补偿在授予专利或药品销售批准期限发生的不合理延迟。”根据现行《专利法》，发明的保护期限为自申请日起算20年。应该指出，发明审查耗时长是全球性问题，而药品事关重大，上市前需履行严格的审批程序也是国际惯例。最终专利期限的延长如何落实到立法和专利审查实践亦值得知产律师的关注。
三电商平台的侵权责任
协议E节第1.14.2约定：“中国应规定，由于屡屡未能遏制假冒或盗版商品的销售，电子商务平台可被吊销其经营许可证。“可以预见，长期受安全港规则庇护的电商平台将不再安全。
四技术转让
协议第二章技术转让第2.1.2条约定”一方当事人与另一方当事人之间的任何技术转让或许可,必须基于自愿且反映出双方协议的市场条款。“关于专利权的转让，我国《专利法》第十条规定：中国单位或者个人向外国人、外国企业或者外国其他组织转让专利申请权或专利权的，应当依照有关法律、行政法规的规定办理手续“。实践中，该条所述”手续“指的是国务院商务主管部门颁发的《技术出口许可证》或者《自由出口技术合同登记证书》，或者地方商务主管部门颁发的《自由出口技术合同登记证书》，其本质上设置了向境外转让技术的前置许可。中美协议中的约定实际上排除了前置许可，如果中方履行承诺，相关的法律需要做出相应的修改。
虽然中美双边协定作为国际法的渊源，向国内法转化尚需时日，但可以预见如果中国全面遵守协议中做出的承诺，将对相关的知产法律法规进行相应的修改，这对于知产律师也是需要关注和更新的内容。
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