Author:芮刚 陈吟 | 2020.01.15
保兑仓合同于本世纪初在国内兴起,在很大程度上解决了上下游企业的融资难题,疏通了供应链的脉络。本文通过对最高人民法院审判案例及相关法律规定的讲述,分析保兑仓交易的实践合同性质。
根据《全国法院民商事审判工作会议纪要》(简称《九民纪要》)第68条:“保兑仓交易作为一种新类型融资担保方式,其基本交易模式是,以银行信用为载体、以银行承兑汇票为结算工具、由银行控制货权、卖方(或仓储方)受托保管货物并以承兑汇票与保证金之间的差额作为担保。保兑仓交易的基本交易流程是:卖方、买方和银行签订三方合作协议,其中买方向银行缴存一定比例的承兑保证金,银行向买方签发以卖方为收款人的银行承兑汇票,买方将银行承兑汇票交付卖方作为货款,银行根据买方缴纳的保证金的一定比例向卖方签发提货单,卖方根据提货单向买方交付对应金额的货物,买方销售货物后,将货款再缴存为保证金。”
“在三方协议中,一般来说,银行的主要义务是及时签发承兑汇票并按约定方式将其交给卖方,卖方的主要义务是根据银行签发的提货单发货,并在买方未及时销售或者回赎货物时,就保证金与承兑汇票之间的差额部分承担责任。银行为保障自身利益,往往还会约定卖方要将货物交给由其指定的当事人监管,并设定质押,从而涉及监管协议以及流动质押等问题。实践中,当事人还可能在前述基本交易模式基础上另行作出其他约定,只要不违反法律、行政法规的效力性强制性规定,这些约定应当认定有效。”
案例
山煤国际能源集团晋城有限公司、中信银行股份有限公司西安分行合同纠纷(2019)最高法民终870号
山煤国际能源集团晋城有限公司、恒丰银行股份有限公司西安分行合同纠纷(2019)最高法民终1227号
争议聚焦
一审原告中信银行股份有限公司西安分行、恒丰银行股份有限公司西安分行分别与山煤国际能源集团晋城有限公司、陕西省石化产业有限公司签订了保兑仓协议,由银行对山煤晋城公司和陕西石化公司之间的付款订货和货款结算提供授信融资支持。但山煤晋城公司和陕西石化公司之间并没有发生真实的交易。就保兑仓协议的效力,各方存在争议。
裁判焦点
根据(2016)陕民初39号和(2017)陕民初11号的判决,一审法院就合同效力认为,“煤炭买卖合同的实际履行并不是三方履行《业务合作协议》的前提条件”,并同时确认了保兑仓合同的效力。
但根据2019年《全国民商事审判工作会议纪要》第69条的表述,“保兑仓交易以买卖双方有真实买卖关系为前提。双方无真实买卖关系的,该交易属于名为保兑仓交易实为借款合同,保兑仓交易因构成虚伪意思表示而无效,被隐藏的借款合同是当事人的真实意思表示,如不存在其他合同无效情形,应当认定有效。保兑仓交易认定为借款合同关系的,不影响卖方和银行之间担保关系的效力,卖方仍应当承担担保责任。”
因此,在二审中,最高人民法院引述了上述条款,并查明山煤晋城公司与陕西石化公司之间不存在真实的货物买卖交易,案涉保兑仓交易没有真实贸易背景。故认定各方之间真实的合同法律关系应为借款及担保合同关系,即恒丰银行和中信银行向陕西石化公司提供融资借款,山煤晋城公司为陕西石化公司向恒丰银行和中信银行的借款提供担保,上述借款及担保均是当事人真实意思表示。
律师说法
根据《全国民商事审判工作会议纪要》和最高人民法院的审判理由,笔者认为,保兑仓合同符合实践合同的特征,即上下游企业或买卖双方需要产生真实的交易,否则保兑仓交易合同无法达成。此外,在合同意思的表述上,缺少真实交易也被推定为没有缔结保兑仓合同的意思表示。在这种情况下,各方的真实意思表示被认为是借款合同。
虽然一审和二审法院对保兑仓合同效力做出了不同认定,但两审法院基于不同的权力基础都支持了银行的给付请求。同时,也不要求银行对真实的交易背景进行实质审查。因此,总的来说,新规并未对保兑仓交易中的银行一方带来不利的影响。
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