Author:熊梦颖 | 2016.11.25
案件简介:
原告李某与被告某房地产开发有限公司签订了《商品房买卖合同》,合同约定原告向被告购买天津市武清区某小区住房一套,建筑面积135.8平方米,总房款130万元,约定自交房之日起,被告对该房屋的建筑结构及主要设备负责保修二年,但因不可抗力及其他非可归责于被告的原因造成的损坏,被告不负责保修责任。原、被告均按约定给付了房款和钥匙。
原告入住后不久便发现房屋墙面、屋顶均出现不同程度的裂缝,担心影响房屋的使用安全及使用寿命,要求被告及时予以修补并赔偿因房屋质量问题导致的房屋贬值损失108000元。
原告另称,所购房屋是开放式阳台,应按一半面积计价,被告却按全封闭阳台面积计算收款,要求退还购房款15400元。
被告辩称:依据房屋质量检测报告结论,原告所购房屋裂缝属非结构性裂缝,不影响业主的安全使用;封闭高层住宅阳台的行为是依据建委有关规定而施行。
审理结果:
法院受理本案后,委托有资质的机构对房屋的质量进行了检测,结论为:楼房的裂缝是施工缝处理不当及填充墙施工不当所造成的,非结构性裂缝,不影响房屋的安全。据此法院认为,按照法律的有关规定及原被告在合同中的约定,被告对此承担相应的民事责任,应由被告采取有效的方法给予修复,原、被告在签订预售合同和出售合同中未对阳台面积有明确约定,且被告与原告签订出售合同时,原告也未对增加的建筑面积提出异议,故被告按双方约定的房屋面积、价格,计算收取房款,并无不当。原告已依据出售合同办理了房屋产权证,故原告要求退还购房款诉请不予支持。
案件评析:
本案所涉及的法律问题是:在房屋存在质量问题时责任方承担责任的方式。本案中,原告既可以要求被告承担违约责任,也可以要求被告承担物的瑕疵担保责任,在这种情况下,原告可以选择要求被告承担其中的一种责任。
违约责任是指合同当事人一方因不履行合同义务或者履行合同义务不符合约定时所应承担的民事责任。违约方承担违约责任的方式主要有修理、更换、重作、减少价款、赔偿损失及退房等。合同对违约责任有约定的,违约方首先应当按照合同约定承担违约责任,违约方承担违约责任不以主观上存在过错为要件,只要合同的当事一方未按照合同履行义务而又不存在免责条款,就应当承担违约责任。本案中,被告有义务按照购房合同的约定交付合格的房屋,被告交付的房屋存在瑕疵,且该瑕疵并非因不可抗力所造成,因此被告履行合同不适当,原告有权要求被告承担违约责任。
物的瑕疵担保责任,是指出卖人就出卖的标的物品质上的瑕疵所应承担的担保责任。物的瑕疵担保责任属于无过错责任,只要标的物的品质存在瑕疵,出卖人对此有无过错在所不问,出卖人应当无条件地承担相应的责任。物的瑕疵担保责任是法律基于买卖合同有偿性的特殊要求和对消费者的特别保护而规定的。本案中,涉诉房屋在交付不久就存在质量问题,这种瑕疵是由于被告施工不当造成的,原告在订立房屋买卖合同时并不知情,因此,原告有权以涉诉房屋存在瑕疵为由要求被告承担物的瑕疵担保责任。
在因标的物质量问题引发的合同纠纷的司法实践中,违约责任与无的瑕疵担保责任并不会产生归责上的重大区别。因此,在本案中,原告无论是要求被告承担违约责任还是要求被告承担物的瑕疵担保责任,结果上并无不同。
本案中,原被告的房屋买卖合同中约定由被告负责二年的保修,这其实是约定一旦房屋出现质量问题,被告应承担修理的违约责任,所以涉诉房屋出现裂缝后,原告有权要求并且也应该首先按照约定要求被告进行修理。经鉴定机构对房屋进行评测的结论显示,涉诉房屋的裂缝是非结构性裂缝,不影响涉诉房屋的安全可靠性,因此,被告进行修理后足以消除瑕疵,成为合格的房屋,并且涉诉房屋质量瑕疵并未给原告带来其他的损失,所以,原告要求赔偿经济损失的诉讼请求是没有事实根据和法律依据的。
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