Author:马珏锋 | 2016.08.30
笔者在从事公司证券业务中,曾被问及某生产性企业(以下简称“企业”)与他人签署融资租赁合同,企业能否签署此类合同及合同是否有效的问题。此类合同的签署与履行涉及企业的经营合规性问题,不管对于拟上市、拟挂牌主体,还是已上市、已挂牌主体,都比较重要。
对于融资租赁业务,《金融租赁公司管理办法》明确规定金融租赁公司(以经营融资租赁业务为主的非银行金融机构)需要获得银监会的行政许可。《融资租赁企业监督管理办法》则规定,商务主管部门监管非金融租赁企业。如果企业在未取得相关主管部门的行政许可下从事融资租赁业务,则不仅涉嫌违规经营,还可能面临融资租赁合同无效的法律风险。
但有时合同冠以“融资租赁合同”的名称,事实上并不构成融资租赁的法律关系,名为融资租赁实为分期付款买卖即为情形之一。
根据《最高人民法院关于审理融资租赁合同纠纷案件适用法律问题的解释》(法释[2014]3号)规定,“人民法院应当根据合同法第二百三十七条的规定,结合标的物的性质、价值、租金的构成以及当事人的合同权利和义务,对是否构成融资租赁法律关系作出认定。对名为融资租赁合同,但实际不构成融资租赁法律关系的,人民法院应按照其实际构成的法律关系处理。”
根据《合同法》第二百三十七条的规定,“融资租赁合同是出租人根据承租人对出卖人、租赁物的选择,向出卖人购买租赁物,提供给承租人使用,承租人支付租金的合同。”根据《合同法》该条对融资租赁合同的定义,融资租赁涉及出租人、承租人和出卖人三方当事人,并涉及出租人和出卖人就租赁物的买卖而签署的购买合同以及出租人和承租人签署的融资租赁合同两个合同。在售后回租业务中,出卖人与承租人为同一人,但这不影响融资租赁法律关系的成立。
对于具体的交易是否构成融资租赁法律关系,除了从《合同法》第二百三十七条所规定的融资租赁法律要素判断之外,还可以从以下方面辨别其与分期付款买卖的异同:
首先,从期限来看,分期付款买卖一般首付较高,期限较短,而融资租赁首付较低,期限较长,分期付款的付款期限一般低于商品的使用寿命期限,而融资租赁的租赁期限则较分期付款方式所获得的信贷期限要长。
其次,从所有权看,分期付款买卖买家直接获得所有权(未付清全款并约定所有权保留的除外),而融资租赁的租赁物所有权在融资期间为出租人所有。
再次,从付款时间看,分期付款买卖一般在每期期末付款,融资租赁通常在每期期初支付租金。
然后,从价款看,分期付款买卖支付的价款是标的物的相应价款,而融资租赁合同承租人每月支付的是占有、使用租赁物的租金。
最后,从信贷金额看,同一件物品,采用融资租赁方式提供的信贷总额一般比分期付款买卖方式所能够提供的要大。
当然,融资租赁合同与分期付款买卖除了上述差异之外,还存在会计处理、税务处理等差异,两者的区分需结合具体实际情况从标的物性质、价值、租金的构成以及当事人的合同权利和义务等综合全面地进行判断。如果交易虽名为融资租赁,但实质构成买卖合同关系,则企业不涉及获得融资租赁资质的相关行政许可事项,实际按照买卖合同履行即可。
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