Author:付洋 | 2016.08.26
【作者题记】常有人向我问起彭真对于“党大还是法大”问题的看法,最近老友马晓力也向我问起。我复信以答。现录于此,供大家参考。
晓力:你好!
彭关于社会主义民主法制建设以及涉及“人治、法制”、“党大还是法大”的论述,主要见于《彭真文选》。其中,1983年12月的《进一步实施宪法严格按照宪法办事》和1984年3月的《不仅要靠党的政策,而且要依法办事》两篇,我认为尤其重要。
在前一篇中彭讲:“在我国,党领导人民制定宪法和法律,党也领导人民遵守、执行宪法和法律。坚持党的领导,遵从人民意志,严格依法办事,三者是一致的、统一的。党的各级组织和广大党员模范地遵守和执行宪法,并同全国各族人民一道,同各民主党派和各人民团体一道,共同维护宪法的尊严和保证宪法的实施”。在后一篇中他说:“党的领导与依法办事是一致的、统一的。党领导人民制定宪法和法律,党也领导人民遵守、执行宪法和法律。党章明确规定,党的组织和党员要在宪法和法律的范围内活动。”这和我们党的十八届四中全会的精神完全一致。
关于所谓“党大还是法大”问题,我想做一些说明。据我所知,彭没有对这个问题作出过非此即彼或非是即非的回答。其原因在于,这个问题涉及着复杂的历史、社会现象和理论背景。对于这样的问题,不像1+1=2那样可以简单回答。
举个例子:故意杀人该不该死?古来即有“杀人者死”、“杀人偿命”一类答案。其实这个问题绝非如此简单。为保卫祖国和人民击毙敌人、依法代表国家执行死刑、因正当防卫而杀人,均不在“该死”之列。即使是刑法意义上的故意杀人犯罪,因其动机、情节等等不同,依刑法也未必“该死”。
说到“党大还是法大”:从中共十二大党章开始,就明确规定党必须在宪法和法律的范围内活动。我们的82宪法规定,各政党(当然包括共产党)“都必须以宪法为根本的活动准则,并且负有维护宪法尊严、保证宪法实施的职责。”任何组织或者个人“都必须遵守宪法和法律”,“都不得有超越宪法和法律的特权”。按照这些规定,还不能说是“法大”吗?
问题并非如此简单。讲到党的领导、人民意志和依法治国三者关系,我们必须保障其实现有机的统一,而不能用孰大孰小排座次的方式去认识。比如,随国家、社会乃至世界的发展,随人民利益的需要,修订现行宪法和法律甚至创制新法律的工作总是要进行的。这种修订和创制法律的过程,是要通过党制定相应的政策,与人民共同商议研究得到认可,再通过法定程序加以实现的。这是不能用孰大孰小来描述概括的。
拉拉杂杂说了不少,不知有用否?
顺颂安好!
付 洋
2014年11月8日
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