Author:熊梦颖 | 2016.08.18
2016年6月,最高人民法院公布“最高人民法院关于办理财产保全案件若干问题的规定(征求意见稿)”,首次表态认可诉讼财产保全责任险。
诉讼财产保全责任保险是指保险机构以财产保全申请人为被保险人,提供保险产品作为担保物,为申请人的财产保全申请向人民法院提供担保的保险。保险机构按照保险条款及保单的内容在保险责任限额内履行保险义务,承担财产保全申请人因申请错误致使诉讼保全被申请人遭受损失依法应当承担损害的赔偿责任。
在目前司法实践中,诉讼保全较为普遍的担保形式有:申请人自己或者第三人以现金或实物向法院提供担保、通过开具银行保函方式向法院提供担保及通过法院认可的担保公司提供担保。上述这三种担保方式除要求足额担保外,具有冻结资金时间过长、影响日常经营、保证金过高等弊端。相比上述诉讼保全担保方式,诉讼财产保全责任保险担保机制的优势体现在:收费标准较低、担保资质强、审核流程快捷、不可抗辩的承担保险责任,提高了案件执行效率,节约司法资源,降低申请人在诉讼保全中的门槛和维权成本。
诉讼财产保全责任保险是保险公司以保险产品作为担保物,对诉讼当事人的财产保全行为进行担保,该种担保方式,是将诉讼财产保全责任险作为一种与金钱担保及物保作用一样的担保物,当被保险人即财产保全申请人申请错误依法应承担经济赔偿责任时,由保险公司根据保险合同约定承担保险责任负责赔偿或先行垫付,继而实现诉讼财产保全担保的目的。
北京市第四中级人民法院于2016年2月发布的《关于在民商事审判财产保全中引入责任保险担保方式的规定》该规定全文共二十条,对责任保险定义、基本原则、担保方式、范围、资质要求及具体审查标准等都作出了明确规定。
目前,全国已有多家法院陆续开始接受此种保全责任保险方式,其便利、快捷的方式对于当事人、法院、保险机构均有积极的意义。但该制度仍存在部分局限性,首先,保全责任保险在全国法院系统内使用尚有一定的局限性;其次,保险定价、保单设置等方面各家保险公司存在着较大的差异。因此,该保全责任保险仍有较大的扩展空间。
附:(节选)最高人民法院关于办理财产保全案件若干问题的规定(征求意见稿)
为规范人民法院办理财产保全案件,依法保护当事人、利害关系人的合法权益,根据《中华人民共和国民事诉讼法》等法律规定,结合审判、执行实践,制定本规定。
第八条 申请保全人可以与保险公司订立诉讼保全责任险合同,作为保全担保。
诉讼保全责任险合同的保险利益应当确保保险事故发生时被保全人所遭受的损失得到赔偿。
第二十二条 本规定自公布之日起施行。本规定施行前发布的司法解释与本规定不一致的,以本规定为准。法律和司法解释另有特别规定的,适用其规定。
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