Author：熊梦颖 | 2016.08.19
委托贷款是指委托人提供资金，由商业银行根据委托人确定的借款人、用途、金额、币种、期限、利率等代为发放、协助监督使用并收回的贷款。
委托贷款业务中存在三方主体，即提供资金的委托人、接受资金的借款人及同时拥有受托人及贷款人双重身份的商业银行。委托贷款业务相关主体通过合同约定各方权利义务，履行相应职责。
委托贷款业务在借款人出现违约时，提起诉讼的主体应该是提供资金的委托人还是直接向借款人发放贷款的商业银行，目前，各地法院在此类案件主体的确认上出现了两种不同的观点。
一种观点认为：
委托人可直接以原告身份起诉借款人。根据《中华人民共和国合同法》第402条规定：“受托人以自己的名义，在委托人的授权范围内与第三人订立的合同，第三人在订立合同时知道受托人与委托人之间的代理关系的，该合同直接约束委托人和第三人，但有确切证据证明该合同只约束受托人和第三人的除外。” 第403条：“受托人以自己的名义与第三人订立合同时，第三人不知道受托人与委托人之间的代理关系的，受托人因第三人的原因对委托人不履行义务，受托人应当向委托人披露第三人，委托人因此可以行使受托人对第三人的权利，但第三人与受托人订立合同时如果知道该委托人就不会订立合同的除外。”委托人与商业银行之间系委托法律关系，商业银行与借款人之间系借贷法律关系，根据委托贷款的性质，借款人在订立合同时已明知借款的实际出借人是委托人而非商业银行，因此，商业银行与借款人签订的相关合同能够直接约束委托人及借款人，委托人有权直接向借款人主张权利。
另一种观点认为：
商业银行才是适格的原告。根据1996年5月16日最高人民法院《关于如何确定委托贷款协议纠纷诉讼主体资格的批复》中明确指出“在履行委托贷款协议过程中，由于借款人不按期归还贷款而发生纠纷的，贷款人（受托人）可以借款合同纠纷为由向人民法院提起诉讼；贷款人坚持不起诉的，委托人可以委托贷款协议的受托人为被告、以借款人为第三人向人民法院提起诉讼”。 商业银行与借款人之间系借贷法律关系，根据上述规定及合同相对性原则，由商业银行直接起诉借款人更为合适。
笔者认为：
委托贷款业务中商业银行需根据委托人确定的贷款对象、用途、金额期限、利率来代为发放贷款，在整个委托贷款业务过程中，商业银行只负责借款的代为发放、监管使用、协助收回，而不对任何形式的贷款风险承担责任，因此商业银行一直处于被动地位，缺少一定的积极性。而作为实际出借资金的委托人而言，借款人的经营情况、财务状况以及借款人能否如约偿还借款等此类风险，相比较商业银行，委托人才是最大风险的承担者。因此，委托人直接作为此类案件的原告更有利于全面、直接、高效的解决纠纷。同时，根据我国后法优于前法的法律适用原则，《中华人民共和国合同法》作为后生效法律，依据该法律来处理此类纠纷最为适当。
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