Author:陈庆波 | 2016.06.15
看到"夫妻10元倒卖火车票被刑拘"的新闻和个别律师同行的法律评论,有如鲠在喉,不吐不快之感,特作此文,与诸位同行商榷。
日前,“夫妻10元倒卖火车票被刑拘”的新闻窜红网络,本文认为公安机关的处置错误,涉案当事人夫妻不构成刑事犯罪。在火车票实名制的制度安排下,构成倒卖车票罪的事实和法律基础已经完全丧失。
一般意义上讲,倒卖车票应包括倒卖火车票和汽车票。但是,由于汽车的运力充足,且运行机动灵活,汽车票基本上不存在囤积居奇,非法获利的可能性,司法实践中倒卖汽车票获罪的案件也几乎没有。因此,倒卖车票罪主要表现为倒卖火车票。
《刑法》第227条第2款规定“倒卖车票、船票,情节严重的,处三年以下有期徒刑、拘役或者管制,并处或者单处票证价额一倍以上五倍以下罚金。” 最高人民法院《关于审理倒卖车票刑事案件有关问题的解释》第1条规定:高价、变相加价倒卖车票或者倒卖坐席、卧铺签字号及订购车票凭证,票面数额在五千元以上,或者非法获利数额在二千元以上的,构成刑法第227条第2款规定的“倒卖车票情节严重”,从上述规定来看,倒卖车票罪的客观要件为“倒卖”,且“情节严重”。从新闻报道内容来看,涉案火车票的价额已构成“情节严重”,但仅凭此尚不足以认定构成倒卖车票罪,是否够罪还要看他们有无刑法意义上的“倒卖”行为。
何为“倒卖”,《刑法》和司法解释都无精准界定。但是,从字面和一般意义上理解,“倒卖”至少应包含两层买卖法律关系,存在车票所有权的两次转移和车票销售权的一次转移。“倒卖”之第一层买卖是倒卖人从车站购得车票,实现车票所有权和销售权的第一次转移;第二层买卖是倒卖人将购得的车票转卖于其他不特定的乘客,实现车票所有权的第二次转移。在此过程中,倒卖人在车站大量抢购车票,将车票销售权从火车站转到自己手中,实现票源垄断,囤积居奇,然后加价卖出、谋取暴利。此种“倒卖”行为,严重侵害国家的车票销售管理秩序,也损害社会公众的财产权益。
“火车票实名制”是国家对火车票销售管理的重大改革举措。实名制要求全国所有旅客列车实行车票实名制,旅客须凭本人有效身份证件购买车票,并持车票及购票时所使用的乘车人本人有效身份证件原件进站、乘车。从火车票实名制的制度安排和实际执行情况来看,已经没有“倒卖”行为生存的制度和现实基础。
本质上,火车票既是铁路客运合同,也是乘车服务的权利凭证。实名制后,火车票成为一种专属合同、专属权利凭证,非经乘客本人授权,其他任何人不得订立该专属合同,且乘客取得该专属权利凭证后不得向他人转让,铁路仅对车票载明的乘客本人履行合同义务。因此,实名制既排除了非基于乘客本人意愿的购票可能,也排除了车票销售权的二次转移可能,自然,“倒卖”也失去了生存的土壤。
从法律属性来说,新闻报道中农民工夫妻的代购车票行为应属于民事法律关系中的委托代理。所谓委托代理是指代理人依据被代理人的委托,以被代理人的名义实施的民事法律行为,其效力直接归属于被代理人。农民工夫妻的购票完全基于乘客的委托,并取得了相应的委托手续——乘客的身份证,其购买的车票也完全归属于乘客本人,无车票所有权的二次转移。至于其收取的10元费用,性质应属于代购车票的成本和报酬,而非倒卖车票的差价。且所有乘客要求农民工夫妻代购车票并支付报酬的行为完全出于主动自愿,是双方自愿协商的结果。至于其私自收费代购,有违反工商行政管理和税收法规之嫌,但并未触犯刑法。
农民工夫妻的代购行为与囤积居奇、加价谋利的刑法意义上的“倒卖”有着本质区别,其代购行为并不侵害国家对火车票的销售管理秩序,无社会危害性。相反,其代购行为给200多名乘客节约了极大的时间和金钱成本,也方便了许多无法网上订票的农民工朋友,是受到众多老百姓欢迎的。公安机关无视社会和法律适用环境的深刻变化,机械而又错误地理解和执行法律规定,对民事行为进行刑事处罚,不符合立法精神和法治原则。
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