Author:唐新波 | 2016.05.17
党的十八届三中全会提出“逐步减少适用死刑”。中央关于深化司法体制和社会体制改革的任务要求完善死刑法律规定,逐步减少适用死刑。《刑法修正案(九)》正体现了逐步减少死刑的要求。
从1979年刑法至今死刑逐步减少
1979年刑法典有死刑罪名27个,另外《惩治军人违反职责暂行条例》中有11个死刑,合计刑法有38个死刑罪名,后来通过全国人大常委会决定和补充规定,又增加死刑罪名33个,实际上,刑法中的死刑罪名有71个。
1997年《刑法》修订后,保留死刑罪名68个。
2011年2月25日《刑法修正案(八)》,取消13个罪的死刑。
2015年8月29日《刑法修正案(九)》,取消9个罪的死刑。
减少死刑的特点
《刑法修正案(八)》取消的死刑罪名分别为:走私文物罪,走私贵重金属罪,走私珍贵动物、珍贵动物制品罪,走私普通货物、物品罪,票据诈骗罪,金融凭证诈骗罪,信用证诈骗罪,虚开增值税专用发票罪,用于骗取出口退税、抵扣税款发票罪,伪造、出售伪造的增值税专用发票罪,盗窃罪,传授犯罪方法罪,盗窃古文化遗址、古墓葬罪,盗掘古人类化石、古脊椎动物化石罪。这些减少的都是非暴力犯罪或者经济犯罪。
《刑法修正案(九)》取消的死刑罪名分别为:走私武器、弹药罪,走私核材料罪,走私假币罪,伪造货币罪,集资诈骗罪,组织卖淫罪,强迫卖淫罪,阻碍执行军事职务罪,战时造谣惑众罪。《刑法修正案(九)》取消的也是适用少的或者经济犯罪。
因此,被取消的死刑罪名的特点:1、非暴力;2、经济犯罪;3、适用死刑较少的犯罪。
死缓执行死刑的严格控制
《刑法修正案(九)》 将刑法第五十条第一款修改为:“判处死刑缓期执行的,在死刑缓期执行期间,如果没有故意犯罪,二年期满以后,减为无期徒刑;如果确有重大立功表现,二年期满以后,减为二十五年有期徒刑;如果故意犯罪,情节恶劣的,报请最高人民法院核准后执行死刑;对于故意犯罪未执行死刑的,死刑缓期执行的期间重新计算,并报最高人民法院备案”。
上述规定,对比《刑法》原第五十条第一款,修改如下:一、提高了死缓执行死刑的门槛,将原来死缓期间故意犯罪提高到“故意犯罪,情节恶劣的”;二是规定“对于故意犯罪未执行死刑的,死刑缓期执行的期间重新计算,并报最高人民法院备案”,完善了死缓制度,延长死缓考验期,便于司法执行。
对于死刑是否废除的问题,在世界上是有争议的。在美国,有的州有死刑,有的州已经废除死刑。但是少杀、慎杀,逐步减少死刑,是我国一个时期内的立法和司法倾向。
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